Immanuel Kant Essay -- Immanuel Kant Deontology Ethics

Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was born, lived and passed away in his home town of Konigsberg. He lived from 1724 to 1804. He studied at the local university and later returned to tutor and lecture students. It wasn’t until he met an English merchant by the name of Joseph Green that Kant learned of David Hume and began to develop his ideas of morals and values. Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781) is believed by many to be his greatest work. Kant’s was known mainly, however, for his moral code The Categorical Imperative. Immanuel Kant was a follower of Deontology, or duty ethics. This means that for an act to be moral it must be performed out of duty. If you are concerned for the end product of your actions it is not a moral act. Only when your action is done in such a way that your only ...

Strategic Global Management

Multiple-choice Chapter 6 Which of the following is not true for a capability? A) it cannot be traded B) it changes over time C) it can be easily described in detail D) it can improve value Which of the following is not a necessary condition for the effective implementation of a pay for performance system? A) employees must be able to control the pace of production B) there should be a lower bound on product qualityC) managers should receive a high bonus for the piece rate work of their employees D) team members should have roughly the same preferences for effort Which of the following is not an activity in the value chain? A) outbound procurement B) marketing C) technology development D) operations Chapter 7 A key assumption underlying theories of vertical integration is: A) Opportunistic behavior B) Suppliers and buyers have the same size C) Suppliers and buyers are located in the same country D) Firms are boundarylessIn the strategic sourcing framework, firms vertically integrate when A) the firm’s need to control and its ability to perform an activity are both high B) there is high uncertainty surrounding the transaction with the supplier C) the need to control and the ability to perform the activity are uncorrelated D) the supplier has invested in high technology 14. The two most studied types of uncertainty that influence vertical integration decisions are: A) exchange rate and volume B) labor cost and technological C) material cost and labor costD) volume and technological The standard theory of vertical integration over the industry life cycle states A) vertical integration occurs primarily in the early and late stages B) vertical integration increases in the shakeout C) vertical integration increases throughout the life cycle D) vertical integration decreases over the life cycle Chapter 8 Which of the following is generally a motivation for the formation of technology partnerships among large firms? A) coalition formation in the context of stand ards competition B) sharing complementary technologiesC) interfirm learning of process innovations D) all of the above In which industry are partnerships based on patent sharing prevalent? A) data communications B) semiconductors C) biotechnology D) pharmaceuticals When does the ability of a potential partner to cooperate effectively become apparent? A) when it promises to follow the rules of the alliance B) when it is certified by an appropriate agency C) when the network of partnerships in the industry develops D) all of the above Chapter 9A nationally segmented industry is one in which: A) country specific advantage and firm specific advantage are both high B) country specific advantage is high and firm-specific advantage is low C) country specific advantage is low and firm specific advantage is low D) none of the above Which of the following promote technological spillovers within a region? A) managerial transfers B) labor pooling C) regional associations D) all of the above Por ter’s diamond model contains which of the following factors? A) technological spilloversB) cultural constraints C) export policies D) demand conditions Chapter 10 Which types of new business will a corporation’s financial capital contribute the most to? A) larger businesses in mature industries B) smaller units in growing industries C) larger businesses in growing industries D) smaller units in mature industries Diversification paths of firms in the same industry vary across countries because: A) the resources and capabilities of the firms in the same industry differ systematically across countriesB) countries differ in the institutions that present diversification opportunities C) countries are located in different geographical locations D) the firms’ top management teams differ systematically across countries When an acquisition announcement occurs, acquisition targets often tend to: A) Enjoy a positive stock reaction B) Suffer a negative stock reaction C) Mai ntain their stock price D) Outsource more Chapter 11 Traditionally, firms that have grown through unrelated diversification have faced which of the following problems?A) the businesses were managed to support short-term corporate financial goals B) the complexity of the business portfolio exceeded corporate management’s capability C) there was no enduring economic rationale at the level of operations for the business units to be in the same corporation D) all of the above A transfer using a mandated market price is most effective when the downstream unit A) is attempting to establish its market position based on a cost advantage B) is attempting to establish its market position based on a value advantage C) has already achieved a dominant market position D) has failed to achieve a dominant market positionVertical integration, as represented among profit centers in a multi-business firm, is A) always superior to transactions in the market B) never superior to transactions in t he market C) not necessarily superior to transactions in the market D) none of the above Open questions Describe the two key strategic motivations for international expansion? Why do multinationals emerge? How have Zara’s practices and policies regarding its boundaries contributed to its growth and performance? What was the source of tension between Stephen Davies and Christopher Carson in the BRL Hardy case? What are its strategic implications?

Analysis Of George Washington s Father Of His Country

George Washington realized the way he handled and approached the job as president would impact how future presidents approached the position because of this he made sure to hand down a legacy of strength, purpose and integrity. Washington truly earned the title â€Å"father of his country† by using his sound judgement and insight to lead the young nation into a new era. He nominated the first chief justice of the United States John Jay. By nominating a chief justice and five associate justices George Washington created the Supreme Court. Washington successfully and on his own appointed the very first Supreme Court without experience or prior knowledge in the matter. He established the first national bank. At the beginning of his presidency each state had their own form of currency which made it very difficult when buying or selling throughout the states not to mention the financial instability America was in because of the war. Due to the aftermath of the war the economy was in debt Washington saw this and knew one unified currency was necessary to get America on track. He insisted upon a neutral course of action in foreign matters. America was a young new nation and Washington believed neutrality wa s the best course of action. Having just fought in the revolution George Washington wasn’t eager to test the delicate balance the nation had found because there would have been more casualties and with all the stresses and energy demanded as president he knew it’d be a bad choice.Show MoreRelatedGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 14, 2015 George Washington s Farewell Address, Primary Source Analysis George Washington’s Presidential Farewell Address consisted of three critical elements that were considered vital for the functional survival of the country that had just won its independence. On September 19, 1796, President Washington advised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and he established foundational reasons for the country to not becomeRead MoreFreedom Is An Innate Right1407 Words   |  6 Pagesyou to be better than you were yesterday, so that you can pursue a meaningful cause, in a manner that leverages your unique strengths. Abraham Lincoln was a dynamic president of United States stating freedom by eliminating slavery throughout the country to get a nation free. In particularly the idea of Lincoln â€Å"all men are created equal† allowed him to argue, beyond the shadow of doubts, that slavery was wrong. Lincoln explore the thought on American Union, for him union was not just a structureRead MoreAnalysis Of Washington s Farewell Address1656 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Washington’s Farewell Address in the Face of the Modern Era George Washington’s farewell address, published just prior to his retirement from the presidency in the fall of 1796, has long been esteemed as one of the most crucial documents for the original establishment of American policy in many areas. From setting a precedent for American neutrality during international wars to promoting the stewardship of public credit, Washington’s address has had a great influence on the paths thatRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages1796 that George Washington gave his â€Å"Farewell Address.† This profoundly important message is still read each year in the Senate. On September 19, 1796, US President George Washington published his Farewell Address to the nation of citizens. It was a thoroughly thoughtful analysis of our new nation, its needs for the future and his plans to decline to seek a third term as president. It was not delivered as a speech, but rather published in many newspapers and p ublic venues. George Washington announcedRead MoreThe Extraordinary Life Of George Washington1954 Words   |  8 Pages General Washington: A Biography Your Name here Class Abbreviation (Ex: AMHIST) Class #: Class Title Instructor s Name Date Here  There have been numerous biographies penned about the extraordinary life of George Washington. This essay will focus on Washington s life in terms of his military career. When George Washington is examined in light of his abilities as a leader of men in battle, a complicated portrait emerges that reveals the hallmarks of a great leader: adaptabilityRead More American Dream in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf1869 Words   |  8 Pages In the final act of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Honey apologetically and drunkenly explains that she has peeled the label off her brandy bottle. To this, George replies, We all peel labels, sweetie: and when you get through the skin, all three layers, through the muscle, slosh aside the organs, and get down to bone, you still havent got all the way, yet. Theres something inside the bone†¦ the marrow†¦ and thats what you gotta get at. In a play blending realism and absurdism, Edward AlbeeRead More Inadequate Social Change of Booker T. Washington Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch debate over Booker T. Washington and the effectiveness of his work at Tuskegee Institute. Some believe that he was a pioneer for black education in a time when few had the opportunity. Others believe that his conformity to the white ideal of what a black man should be hindered his ability to create real social change for his race. In his autobiography, Up From Slavery, Washington maps out hi s life from its humble beginnings as a slave up through the success of his school, Tuskegee InstituteRead MoreThe Presidency Of Thomas Jefferson Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesJefferson outlines our third President’s youth, his time as Secretary of State under George Washington, as well as his time in office. However, due to the length of this book, my focus will lie on section two, titled The Republican Tack: At Home, 1801-1803. In this section, McDonald mainly focuses on the rise of Jefferson’s party and the influences that gave him his ideas. In section two, McDonald remarks that ‘Thomas Jefferson referred to the ascent of his party as the Revolution of 1800- a claim thatRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy : A President With A Different Sense Of Confidence1178 Words   |  5 Pageslives on† (Brainy Quotes), and as the 35th president of the United States, his ideas for the country are still living on. Not only Kennedy was extremely liked by people, he was also rated above the majority of presidents America had, with the exception of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington. Basically, what really captured the hearts of people about Kennedy was his glamour, the sense of confidence that he had, and of course his tragic death. Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, and shortly afterRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy : A President With A Different Sense Of Confidence1178 Words   |  5 Pageslives on† (Brainy Quotes), and as the 35th president of the United States, his ideas for the country are still living on. Not only Kenned y was extremely liked by people, he was also rated above the majority of presidents America had, with the exception of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington. Basically, what really captured the hearts of people about Kennedy was his glamour, the sense of confidence that he had, and of course his tragic death. Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, and shortly after

Greek Mythology - Bible vs Biblos

The Bible is sometimes called the Good Book, which is fitting since the word Bible comes from the Greek word for book, biblos. For the Greeks, the bible was Homer, particularly, The Iliad, and Hesiod. The Father of History, the Greek Classical period traveler Herodotus (c. 484-425 B.C.) writes: Whence the gods severally sprang, whether or no they had all existed from eternity, what forms they bore - these are questions of which the Greeks knew nothing until the other day, so to speak. For Homer and Hesiod were the first to compose Theogonies, and give the gods their epithets, to allot them their several offices and occupations, and describe their forms; and they lived but four hundred years before my time, as I believe.~ Herodotus Book IIYou can find a religious world view, morals, customs, genealogy, and more in Homer and Hesiod. However, The Iliad, The Odyssey, and Theogony were not sacred texts. (Depending on your definition, the Greeks had other sacred texts, like hymns and responses of the oracles.)The Opening of The Iliad The Iliad begins, not with the creation of the world in 6 days, but with an invocation of the goddess or muse:Sing, O goddess, followed by the story of the wrath of the great Greek hero of the Trojan War, Achilles:the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another.... and his anger at the expeditions leader, Agamemnon, who has strained relations with his best man by stealing his beloved concubine and committed sacrilege:And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? It was the son of Jove and Leto [Apollo]; for he was angry with the king and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest.(Samuel Butler translation) The Place of Gods in Mans Life Gods in Homers ancient heroic age walked among men, but they were much more powerful than humans and could be prevailed upon by prayer and sacrifice to help human beings. We see this in the opening of The Iliad where the rhapsode (the composer/singer of the story) Homer seeks divine inspiration to create a great epic, and where an old man seeks the return of his abducted daughter.There is nothing in this Greek great book (The Iliad) about taking clay and forming it in a certain likeness or taking a rib from said animated clay, although the latter, the story of the creation of woman (Pandora) by a craftsman, does appear differently elsewhere in the canon of Greek mythology.Next Page: Creation Stories Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily LifeWhat Is Myth?Myths vs. LegendsCreation StoriesTitanomachyOlympian Gods and GoddessesFive Ages of ManPhilemon and BaucisPrometheusTrojan WarBulfinch MythologyMyths and LegendsKingsley Tales from Mythology | Golden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Confusing Creation Stories Creation StoriesUranos RevengeTitanomachyPhilemon and BaucisPrometheus Version 1: Genesis 1.27 King James27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. Version 2: Genesis 2.21-2321: And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 22: And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 23: And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.... the story of the 5 Ages Also see Jewish Legends - Creation Genealogy Shows Mans Relationship to God(s) The stories one polis told about its divine connection might or might not contradict the stories of another polis about its connection with the same god. Sometimes what looks like an effort to smooth out one set of inconsistencies seems to have created others. It might serve those of us coming to the Greek stories from a Judaeo-Christian tradition to remember that there are plenty of apparent inconsistencies in the Bible, too. Reference: [url formerly www.rpgclassics.com/quotes/iliad.shtml] Interesting Quotations from the Iliad Introduction to Greek Mythology Myth in Daily LifeWhat Is Myth?Myths vs. LegendsGods in the Heroic Age - Bible vs. BiblosTrojan WarBulfinch MythologyMyths and LegendsGolden Fleece and the Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Troubled Life of Ernest Hemingway Reflected in His...

The Troubled Life of Ernest Hemingway Reflected in His Writing The period between World War I and World War II was a very turbulent time in America. Ernest Hemingway most represented this period with his unrestrained lifestyle. This lifestyle brought him many successes, but it eventually destroyed him in the end. His stories are read in classrooms across America, but his semi-autobiographical writings are horrible role models for the students who read them. Hemingway’s lifestyle greatly influenced his writings in many ways. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21st 1899. His place of birth was Oak Park, Chicago. There are many places in Oak Park commemorating his life. Ernest was the second of six kids. He was born at 8:00 at 439 Oak†¦show more content†¦Ernest also wrote for the school newspaper, which was his initiation into the world of writing. He also began writing short stories during high school. He spent the summers during high school at Walloon Lake in Michigan. This would be the setting of many of his short stories later in his life (Perkins 438). After Ernest graduated from high school, he either wanted to join the armed forces or write. Of course, his dad wanted him to go to college. His dad forbid him to go to World War I also. In 1917, he decided to apply for a job at The Kansas City Star as a journalist. He got the job and moved to Kansas City (Life and Works 3). He only made $15 a week while he worked for the newspaper (Parry 865). He lived with his uncle when he first arrived in Kansas City. He later moved into an apartment with Carl Edgar. While working for The Star, he covered many interesting stories such as The Police, The Union Station, and The General Hospital. His first training job was on stolen goods, crimes and accidents. He also wrote about the many famous people who came through The Union Station. Ernest worked very hard to improve his writing with the help of his mentor Lionol Calhoun Moise. Ernest would later be impressed with Moise’s lifestyle. Moise was famous for violence, alcohol, and cursing. W hile he worked for The Star he learned many things, but he also became bored. He wanted real action. He was caught up in the war fever of World War I. One thing that stopped him though,Show MoreRelated Hemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story, Hills Like White Elephants1409 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story Hills Like White Elephants Hills like White Elephants is not the normal story where you have a beginning, middle and end. Hemingway gave just enough information so that readers could draw their own conclusions. The entire story encompasses a conversation between two lovers and leaves the reader with more questions than answers. Ernest Hemingway was a brilliant writer. People that study Hemingways works try to gain insight andRead MoreEssay on A Light in the Darkness: Modernist Writing1059 Words   |  5 Pagesto exist? What was life, and what was death? The modernist author reflected this change, and confronted these questions with enthusiasm. Together modernist artists became the representative voice of the people. This voice transcended all forms of art, but was most successful in the written word. Through the experimentation of language and form, the modernist author managed to convey the meaninglessness felt by many, and created a light in the darkness of an uncertain world. Ernest Hemingways shortRead Mo reEssay on Biographical References in and Hemingways Male Characters3950 Words   |  16 Pagesdominant male figures, Ernest Hemingway teases the reader by drawing biographical parallels to his own life. That is, he uses characters such as Nick Adams throughout many of his literary works in order to play off of his own strengths as well as weaknesses: Nick, like Hemingway, is perceptive and bright but also insecure. Nick Adams as well as other significant male characters, such as Frederick Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises personifies Hemingway in a sequential mannerRead MoreA Research Assignment : All Quiet On The Western Front And The Sun Also Rises2803 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Assignment â€Å"I was there† Anoki Jacksch 12Eng61 16.05.14: Introduction The authors, E.M. Remarque, Eric Lomax, Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller and Ernest Hemingway, who became famous, wrote excellent novels, because they were in love, have an underlying issue or have experienced issues that they want to share with the world. I choose to investigate the following novels: All Quiet on the Western Front, The Railway Man, Slaughterhouse-5, Catch-22 and The Sun Also Rises, because they all thematically

The Great Depression free essay sample

An historical analysis of the Great Depression. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the Great Depression from the viewpoint of the most significant global event of the twentieth century. Specifically, it addresses the question of why the Great Depression was so significant, and discusses the remedies and their impact upon the role of the government. The Great Depression began in October 1929, after the crash of the stock market, and lasted almost ten years. It was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world (Gusmorino), which is only one of the reasons it was such a significant global event. An article from the Roosevelt Institute states, over $75 billion in equity capital had been lost on Wall Street, the gross national product had plunged from a high of $104 billion to a mere $74 billion, and U.S. exports had fallen by 62 per cent. Over thirteen million people, nearly 25 percent of the workforce, were now unemployed. In some areas, unemployment was even higher; it rose as high as 50 per cent in some major cities like Detroit and Chicago. The Great Depression free essay sample Niemeyer wanted a Deflationary policy to balance Australia’s budget by reducing spending, wage and social welfare so the country could pay back its debt to Britain. Niemeyer’s plan didn’t work to well and made unemployment rise ten percent. The effectiveness of Sir Otto Niemeyer’s plan was not very good as from the start people doubted that his advice wouldn’t work. Government spending and wages were cut which made unemployment rise from nineteen percent of the workforce to twenty nine percent in one year. Edward Granville Theodore was the Scullin government’s Treasurer and he said instead of cutting spending, they should put in an inflationary policy to increase spending and stimulate the economy. Theodore wanted the government to put and additional thirty six million into the economy to make more employment but the plan failed because the Commonwealth Bank refused the idea of putting more money into the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The effectiveness of Edward Granville Theodore’s plan was not good because the Commonwealth bank just refused it because they weren’t controlled by the government and didn’t like the idea. The Premiers Plan was made in 1921 at a meeting of state leaders. The federal and state governments wanted to put in something like a deflationary policy to cut spending by twenty percent, including cuts to pensions and wages and taxes were to be increased to give more money to the government. The effectiveness of the premier’s plan was alright because in 1932 there were gradual improvements in Australia’s economy. Wool and wheat beginning to recover and unemployment went down from thirty per cent to fourteen per cent in three years.

Online voting system free essay sample

Kenya is democratic country. It is perceived to be charismatic one as it accommodates cultural, regional, economical, social disparities and still is able to stand on its own. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of universities democracy. In universities, a student casts his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by putting the stamp/tick against his/her name and then folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors. Voting is a crucial activity held after every one year in our beloved Meru University. This activity is managed by the office of dean of students and student’s body which is the authority ensuring that the activity runs smoothly and fairly. 1. 1 Background of the Study Meru university constitution provide every student irrespective of his/her religion, region, caste, color, economic status and sex the essential right to vote and elect his/her candidate to represent her/him. We will write a custom essay sample on Online voting system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence voting can be termed as backbone of not just democracy in Kenya but all around Kenyan universities. In Meru University voting takes place after every one year term and the student body ensures that this process goes nicely to the bottom and mostly things are done manually by the commission having to recruit the students to conduct the process. Basically the process takes only a single day and all is done. This makes it hard for students not on full time mode to come and cast their votes and then travel back to their respective destinations and at times their might be complexities of travel and work commitments. 1. 2 Problem Statement(s) The problems of the existing manual system of voting include among others the following: 1. Expensive and Time consuming: The process of collecting data and entering this data into the database takes too much time and is expensive to conduct, for example, time and money is spent in printing data capture forms, in preparing registration stations together with human resources, and there after advertising the days set for registration process including sensitizing students on the need for registration, as well as time spent on entering this data to the database. Too much paper work: The process involves too much paper work and paper storage which is difficult as papers become bulky with the population size. 3. Errors during data entry: Errors are part of all human beings; it is very unlikely for humans to be 100 percent efficient in data entry. 4. Above all, a number of voters end up being locked out from voting. 1. 3 Objectives The project aims at developing a management information system to computerize the voting activity in Meru University. All data relating to the process will be stored in a centralized and secured database with a user friendly interface that will enable students to cast their votes to their favorable candidates. During this project identified voting regulations and requirements will be incorporated into the system and users guided on how they should vote. The system is designed to improve the current voting process in the following ways; †¢Allow students from any part of the country to vote. †¢Reduce the number of legitimate votes not counted, and eliminating vote tampering. Improve the registration process by allowing voters to check their registration status prior to voting and centralizing registration databases. †¢Improve voter confidence and improve the voting experience. †¢The project will also ensure that data is secure from unauthorized access by implementing roles that will define who is allowed to log in and participate in voting, the application will implement user authentication to counter leaking of the process. A complete MIS will be developed, tested, documented and demonstrated to the stake holders. †¢Improves voter  confidence in the poll results 1. 4 Scope and Limitation of the Study It is focused on the existing system of voting in Meru University and to make sure that the students vote counts, for fairness in the elective positions. This also will produce: †¢Less effort and less labor intensive, as the primary cost and focus primary on creating, managing, and running a secure web voting portal. †¢Increasing number of voters as students will find it easier and more convenient to vote, especially those studying outside the main campus 1. 5 Justification The ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM shall reduce the time spend making long queues at the polling stations during voting. It shall also enable the students to vote from any part of the globe as explained since this is an online application available on the internet. Cases of vote miscounts shall also be solved since at the backend of this system resides a well developed database using MYSQL that can provide the correct data once it’s correctly queried. Since the voting process shall be open as early as possible, the students shall have ample time to decide when and whom to vote for. Project Risk and Mitigation This project faces the following risks †¢Delay in completion †¢Shortfalls in budget †¢Hacking To address the above risks, the project will be implemented on a schedule that is abit flexible and with forecasted budget. The system will also have strong security measures that will only allow correctly authenticated users to access the system. 1. 7 Budget and Resources BUDGET ESTIMATION ITEMCOST Computer (Pentium 4, 2. 0 ghz,1 Gb RAM, 100 Gb Hard Disk30,000 Documenting project proposal 1,000 Stationery 500 Research costs ie internet access costs1000 TOTAL32,500 1. 8 Project Schedule The figure below shows the schedule of the project 1. 9 Conclusion This system is aimed towards easing the voting experience of Meru University students since the current manual system is tiresome CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction All computer specialists who have done work in or are interested in electronic voting seem to agree that online voting does not meet the requirements for public elections and that the current widely-deployed voting systems need improvement. Voting on the Internet has disadvantages based on the areas of secrecy and protection against coercion and/or vote selling. Its such a truly bad idea that there seems to be no credible academic effort to deploy it at all. The Kenyan General elections of 2007 brought national attention to problems with current methods of casting and counting votes in public elections. Most people believe that the current system should be changed; there is much disagreement on how such changes should be made. 2. 2 Literature review Researchers have done work in electronic voting; while they may not explicitly mention voting from remote poll sites, their work is nonetheless relevant to any effort at designing or implementing a remote poll site voting system. Lorrie Cranor acknowledges the problems inherent in each kind of voting apparatus, but doesnt make an overt recommendation on her site for one technology over the rest. Some other academicians like Peter Neumann focus on the immensity of the problem one faces when trying to design and implement a truly secure voting system. They often remind us of Ken Thompsons Turing acceptance speech and the fact that we really cant trust any code which we did not create ourselves. Therefore, they tend to be extremely suspicious of proprietary voting machines and their makers who insist that we should â€Å"just trust [them]. † Neumann gives a list of suggestions for generic voting criteria which suggests that a voting system should be so hard to tamper with and so resistant to failure that no commercial system is likely to ever meet the requirements, and developing a suitable custom system would be extremely difficult and prohibitively expensive. A voting machine must produce human-readable hardcopy paper results, which can be verified by the voter before the vote is cast, and manually recounted later if necessary. David Chaum presents a very interesting scheme, whereby voters could get receipts for their votes. This receipt would allow them to know if their votes were included in the final tally or not, and to prove that they voted without revealing any information about how they voted. The security of this scheme depends on visual cryptography developed by Naor and Shamir, and on voters randomly choosing one of two pieces of paper. Mercuri and Neumann advocate the use of this technique in electronic voting systems. 2. 3 Case Studies In the recent years, voting equipments which were widely adopted in many countries may be divided into five types 1. Paper-based voting: The voter gets a blank ballot and use a pen or a marker to indicate he want to vote for which candidate. Hand-counted ballots is a time and labor consuming process, but it is easy to manufacture paper ballots and the ballots can be retained for verifying, this type is still the most common way to vote. 2. Lever voting machine: Lever machine is peculiar equipment, and each lever is assigned for a corresponding candidate. The voter pulls the lever to poll for his favorite candidate. This kind of voting machine can count up the ballots automatically. Because its interface is not user-friendly enough, giving some training to voters is necessary. 3. Direct recording electronic voting machine: This type, which is abbreviated to DRE, integrates with keyboard; touch screen, or buttons for the voter press to poll. Some of them lay in voting records and counting the votes is very quickly. But the other DRE without keep voting records are doubted about its accuracy. 4. Punch card: The voter uses metallic hole-punch to punch a hole on the blank ballot. It can count votes automatically, but if the voter’s perforation is incomplete, the result is probably determined wrongfully. 5. Optical voting machine: After each voter fills a circle correspond to their favorite candidate on the blank ballot, this machine selects the darkest mark on each ballot for the vote then computes the total result. This kind of machine counts up ballots rapidly. However, if the voter fills over the circle, it will lead to the error result of optical-scan. Recent years, a considerable number of countries has adopted E-voting for their official elections. These countries include; America, Belgium, Japan and Brazil. 2. 4 Conclusion Many countries have integrated other technologies with their voting system but none of those systems allows voters to vote from the comfort of their beds. My approach on this project is an idea that has been around for sometime but has never been tried, it a new dawn for voting systems. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY Introduction In this chapter, I will discuss the methodology that was used to implement online voting system. 3. 1 System Development Methodology The system was developed using the waterfall methodology 3. 1. 0 Overview The waterfall model is a software development model in which a system’s development is viewed as flowing downwards through the phases of the system development process The waterfall methodology is powerful, precise, and thorough. It has a number of phases that have to be implemented in a sequential manner as shown below. The phases which come under the waterfall method are as follows. †¢Requirement Analysis